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The violin trade has long depended on instruments made centuries ago by master craftsmen, whose techniques for shaping wood and applying varnish have never been fully —replicatedreplacedreputedrepeated. A well-preserved instrument from this period can fetch a price far —exceedingexcellingexceededexcessive that of a modern, factory-made violin, regardless of tone. Auction houses therefore rely on experts to —verifyclarifycertifytestify authenticity before any sale proceeds.