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After decades of decline in favor of buses and private cars, trams are making a comeback in numerous cities seeking to cut congestion and emissions. Modern tram systems run on dedicated tracks separate from car traffic, allowing more predictable journey times than buses stuck in mixed lanes. Construction costs are considerable, however, since laying track and rerouting underground utilities can disrupt city centers for years during installation. Some cities have offset this expense by pairing tram construction with broader pedestrianization projects, turning former traffic corridors into car-free public squares. Ridership figures have generally exceeded projections in cities that also restricted car access along the same corridors, suggesting the tram's success depends partly on complementary policies rather than the rail line alone.