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Vertical farming stacks crops in —horizontalhorizontallyhorizonhorizontalize layers inside climate-controlled warehouses, allowing food to be grown close to cities. LED lighting and hydroponic systems —supplysuppliessupplyingsupplied plants with precisely measured nutrients, removing the need for soil. Because conditions are controlled indoors, yields are largely —independentindependentlyindependencedependent of outdoor weather and season. Critics argue, however, that the energy required to power these farms can be —prohibitivelyprohibitiveprohibitprohibition high.